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PDF Online. Free Bernard L. Free Homeri Odyssea Geb. It will focus particularly on Turkey, a fellow middle-power, non-Arab state in the Middle East, within the context of the shifting dynamics ofKurdish politics. Iran and Turkey may be seen as rivals in their immediate neighborhood.

This would mean that direct clashes of interest and one-on-one power plays are the prime determinants of the Iran—Turkey relationship.

The election of Hassan Rouhani to the presidency in , however, raised the prospect of a more cooperative and collaborative Iranian foreign policy. Unable to display preview. And there are others who just want to exploit. Creativity must be. Secrets and lies set off shockwaves of anger, rippling from mind to mind. Riot police battle neurally-linked protestors. Armies are mobilized. Political orders fall. Nexus-driven revolution is. The Zeroes are in disarray. One of them. To learn more, view our Privacy Policy.

To browse Academia. Log in with Facebook Log in with Google. The letter is STT 2. See Hallo 7; Denning-Bolle For references, see Lenzi a: Chapter 3. See Hunger nos. Hunger no. This revelation of forbidden secrets was considered a transgression, because it promoted promiscuity and violence. Asael teaches human beings how to make things: Asael taught men to make swords of iron and weapons and shields and breastplates and every instrument of war.

He showed them metals of the earth and how they should work gold to fashion it suitably, and concerning See Walker and Dick for references. That the royal smiths had access to secret scholarly literature can be inferred on the basis of SAA 16 65 see n.

And he showed them concerning antimony and eye paint and all manner of precious stones and dyes. Nickelsburg In the Book of Watchers That the Watchers revealed to humanity secret knowledge of divine origin, is emphasized several times in the Book of Watchers. A comprehensive catalogue of revealed secrets is found in the Book of Watchers 8.

Hermani taught sorcery for the loosing of spells and magic and skill. Kokabel taught the signs of the stars. Arteqoph taught the signs of the earth.

Shamsiel taught the signs of the sun. Sahriel taught the signs of the moon. And they all began to reveal mysteries to their wives and to their children. And as men were perishing, the cry went up to heaven.

Nickelsburg When one considers this list of forbidden crafts from the point of view of Mesopotamian priests and scholars, almost everything looks familiar. To teach such divine arts to wives and minors would have been regarded In the Aramaic version of the Book of Watchers 7.

Watchers revealing divine secrets to earthly women in exchange for sex must be taken as a hilarious irony, and as an indication of the polemical stance that the Jewish intellectuals took against their Mesopotamian colleagues.

If the list is of independent origin, it may be illuminative to note that it contains seven names, in accordance with the seven antediluvian sages. Nickelsburg The Jewish tradition concerning Watchers was not uniform.

There are variant stories that depict their motives and activities more positively. The book of Jubilees preserves a tradition relating that God originally dispatched the Watchers to earth for the purpose of instructing humanity in proper ritual and ethical conduct Reeves There exist a fair number of texts, according to which the Watchers were sent by God for the purpose of positively instructing and look- ing after humanity see Nickelsburg For example, the In the Neo-Assyrian letter SAA 16 65, an anonymous authority expresses his concern about a royal goldsmith who illegally teaches scholarly lore to an unworthy person.

The tablet is broken and we do not learn about the measures taken against the goldsmith Lenzi a: One discovered how to till the earth with ploughs, another, carpentry, another was concerned with sailing, another, astronomy and divination by birds, another medicine, again another magic.

Instructing humanity was exactly the role of antediluvian apkallus in Mesopotamian tradition. Some Jewish stories about Watchers contain other elements that can be called remnants of the Babylonian myth, parts of the popular memory pointing to its origin. Some interesting variants are found in the Jewish medieval Midrash of Shemhazai and Azael, one version of which was allegedly a part of the no longer extant Midrash Abkir.

The passages relevant to the myth of Watchers in this midrash are gathered, translated and discussed by Jung ; Milik ; and Reeves , The Midrash of Shemhazai and Azael itself is extant in at least four recensions Reeves At once they corrupted themselves with the daughters of man who were beautiful, and were unable to subdue their desire. Immediately Shemhazai saw one girl, whose name was Istahar. That the Watchers descended to earth with a good intent is in background also in the Aramaic frag- ment 4Q from Qumran, which belongs to the Book of Giants Puech The Assyrian sacred tree symbolized both the divine world order and the king, who functioned as its earthly administrator.

The full meaning of the phrase involved watching, guarding and protecting the king both from physical danger as well as from straying from the path that the gods had decreed Parpola xxii. The Aramaic word used for these holy angels is the same one! The angels in these passages perform the same task of guarding the Heavenly King as the Neo-Assyrian scholars do by keeping the meticulous watch over the king.

The Assyrian kings from Sennacherib to Ashurbanipal compared themselves and their family members to the sage Adapa. These Assyrian kings were equals to Adapa in wisdom, knowledge and deeds. In one of his inscriptions, the earlier Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar I had made an appeal to his antediluvian pedigree, and recounted Enmeduranki as his ancestor: See the evidence collected in Pongratz-Leisten It is possible to demonstrate how the Jewish ideology has demonized this concept.

Such persons were, according to a tradition preserved in Babylonian Talmud Niddah 61a , the Amorite kings Og and Sihon, the exemplary enemies of Israelites. In Num. According to Num. Og of Bashan, who himself had gigantic size of 9 cubits Deut.

This reversal of attitudes is also seen in the sexual trans- gressions that were ascribed to Watchers. Og of Bashan is recorded in Josh. Ogygos is often associated with giants Noegel , and sometimes he is said to have been the king of Titans see Annus Goliath, whose height was 6 cubits and a span 1 Sam.

In 1 Enoch, however, such transgression of the boundaries between human and divine is depicted as sacrilegious at the outset, and a source of irre- versible corruption in the human world.

On the other hand, the theme of sexual violations on the part of important persons of the distant past was known in the Mesopotamian literature as well. A forerunner of sexual wrongdoing of the Watchers occurs in an Old Babylonian version of the Epic of Gilgamesh, where the hero oppresses the young men and women of Uruk see George This is in parallel with Book of Watchers 7.

It is of comparative interest also to point out that the career of Enkidu in the epic also begins with extended sexual intercourse with a mortal woman.

The depiction of sexual sins of the Watchers is probably a secondary development of the Mesopotamian material, which is designed to disgrace the characters. Sexuality as such is not at all so important for the authors of 1 Enoch, who do not exploit the There were other means that could be used for that purpose. For example, in 1 En. The case is clear in regard to the Adapa myth, where the sage broke the wing of the South Wind by using a spell or curse.

Throughout 7. In regard to this motif, there is one religious-historical parallel that is certainly worth mentioning. Two sons are born to El, the deities Dawn and Dusk, who are marked by their immense size and by a ravenous appetite.

See also Bhayro The writing is deliberately equivocal, as the horse is also a form taken by Babylonian demons. Piriggalnungal angered the storm-god, who caused draught on earth for three years. In the Old Babylonian version, the duration of the draught is not men- tioned see Foster